2．既往歷(past history)：大半用過去式，但發(fā)生過去某一定時間以前者，宜用過去完成式；如果疾病發(fā)生的前后關(guān)系甚明顯，或以年代順序記載時，仍可用過去式。
1)A.過去式：用以表示過去的動作、狀態(tài)、習(xí)慣等且與現(xiàn)在的情形毫無關(guān)聯(lián)。
a)發(fā)生于過去某時者：
例1：An unknown number of years ago he was said to have pneumonia.
例2：In addition to the above symptoms, he noted some vague abdominal pain for a couple of months in the past.
例3：At that time she had a slight nonproductive cough and mild exertional dyspnea.
例4：Before therapy, she was unable to swallow anything but small sips of water.
b)過去某時以后的狀態(tài)：
例1：In the previous month she noticed that the stools were greatly flattened. Subsequently she became aware of a bearing-down pain the rectum.
例2：Menarche occurred at age 13, thereafter menses were regular, every 28 days, lasting 3 to 4 days each time.
例3：The patient had tinnitus in his left ear 10 years before being discharged for the military service. Several year later, he noted loss of hearing on the left.
例4：In June 1956, a sterilizing operation was performed at a hospital. For the ensuing 5 months the patient was troubled with intermittent attacks of vague abdominal pain.
例5：Two years after this episode she had one short attack of vertigo but has been attack-free for 2 years.
注1：過去式常用的連用副詞：ago, last night, yesterday, the day before yesterday, the other day, this morning , just now等。
注2：現(xiàn)在完成和過去兩者都可用的連用副詞：just, ever, lately, recently,
once, always, already, this morning, today, every night, this week, these few days, for the last few days, since last week, before, yet等。醫(yī)學(xué).全在.線www.med126.com
B.表示過去的習(xí)慣時，須用used to , was (were) accustomed to ~或had the habit to ~等。用would來表示過去的習(xí)慣時，大抵與often, sometimes等副詞連用。
例1：He used to work far into the night.
例2：He would sometimes come home drunk, and beat his wife.
C.過去進(jìn)行式( Be 動詞的過去式+ pres. p.)：表示在過去某一時間正在進(jìn)行 的動作：
例1：One sister was suffering from active tuberculosis.
例2：He was having mild symptoms of fever and nausea at the time he was seen.
例3：He was raising large amounts of purulent sputum at that time.
D.過去完成式( Had + p.p.)：表示截至過去某一時間為止的動作的完了、經(jīng)驗、繼續(xù)等。
a)完了( completion)：
例1：The patient had already expired when he came.
例2：By that time he had immunized against smallpox.
連用副詞：already, by that time, (not) yet, only just等。
b)經(jīng)驗(experience)：
例1：Till then he had never seen so-called bone-setter.
例2：He could not repeat what he had said before.
c)繼續(xù)(continuance)：
例1：He had long been ill in bed.
例2：He had been ill in bed for a long time.
E.過去完成進(jìn)行式(Had been + pres. p.)：表示繼續(xù)過去某一時間的動作。
例1：Up to that time, he had been drinking mush wine.
例2：Due to her increasing constipation, she had been taking laxatives daily for one year before admission.
比較：
例1：I was sleeping when he came. (過去進(jìn)行式)
例2：I had been sleeping for an hour before he came.(過去完成進(jìn)行式)
