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考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)解析及基本句型

   掌握句子的基本句型有助于了解句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu),便于進(jìn)行句子分析,尤其是那些比較復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句。

  一、主+系+表(SVP)
  此句型結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞,后接表語(yǔ),構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),常見(jiàn)系動(dòng)詞有be,become, look,seem,appear,get,feel,grow,turn,remain,come(變得),fall(變成),hold,keep, stand,stay(保持),smell,sound,taste等。
  例句: It was no coincidence that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery. (2001年第12題)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是that his car was seen...。
  譯文: 劫案發(fā)生時(shí)有人看見(jiàn)他的車停在銀行附近,這絕非巧合。
  例句: This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. (2011年第48題)
  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,主干部分是This seems a justification and a rationalization;其中介詞短語(yǔ)for neglect of those in need作后置定語(yǔ),修飾第一個(gè)表語(yǔ)a justification,另外兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)of exploitation和of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom均作后置定語(yǔ),修飾第二個(gè)表語(yǔ)a rationalization。those in need意為“貧困者”;those at the top意為“社會(huì)上層人士”;those at the bottom意為“社會(huì)底層人士”。
  譯文: 這一觀點(diǎn)似乎是在為忽視貧困者的行為作辯護(hù),為剝削、為社會(huì)上層人群的優(yōu)越和底層人群的卑微找理由。

  二、主+謂(不及物動(dòng)詞)(SV)
  例句: From a financial standpoint alone,safety pays off. (選自1999年Cloze Test)
  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
  譯文: 僅從財(cái)政的角度看,安全就大有裨益。
  例句: His efforts to bring about reconciliation between the two parties came off. (2000年第24題)
  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
  譯文: 他為促成雙方和解而付出的努力取得了成功。

  三、主+謂(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓(SVO)
  例句: Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will drag down the economy. (1997年第25題)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system...在句中作knows的賓語(yǔ)。
  譯文: 無(wú)人知曉這次金融體系的動(dòng)蕩會(huì)在多長(zhǎng)時(shí)向內(nèi)、多大程度上使經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑。
  例句: Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power. (選自2006年Text 1)
  分析: 該句是由yet連接的兩個(gè)并列復(fù)合句,在前一句中,介詞短語(yǔ)in remote villages around the world作定語(yǔ)修飾children;在后一分句中,分詞短語(yǔ)living within the United States作后置定語(yǔ)修飾immigrant。
  譯文: 羅德里格茲指出,全世界偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的兒童都是像阿諾·施瓦辛格和格斯·布魯克斯這樣超級(jí)明星的“粉絲”。然而,也有一些美國(guó)人擔(dān)心生活在美國(guó)的移民在某種程度會(huì)對(duì)美國(guó)的民族同化作用有免疫力。

  四、主+謂(及物動(dòng)詞)+間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)+直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)(SVOO)
  例句: Prof. Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts.
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,動(dòng)詞show后接雙賓語(yǔ),直接賓語(yǔ)常為疑問(wèn)副詞或疑問(wèn)代詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句或不定式,本句中主語(yǔ)從句what you have observed作賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)。
  譯文: 李教授的書(shū)會(huì)告訴你,你所觀察到的信息如何運(yùn)用在其他語(yǔ)境中。
  例句: Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (1999年第11題)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中had you gone and explained...是省略if的倒裝句,完整形式應(yīng)為if you had gone and explained...。
  譯文: 如果你跟數(shù)學(xué)老師解釋那個(gè)時(shí)候你父母病了,他也許會(huì)讓你補(bǔ)考的。

  五、主+謂(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓+補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(SVOC)
  賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞或介詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)。
  例句: I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. (2006年第46題)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為I shall define him as an individual;who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾an individual; as his primary duty and pleasure in life在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),應(yīng)該置于句末,但由于定語(yǔ)從句中elected的賓語(yǔ)為the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems太長(zhǎng),置于句末顯得更加美觀。
  譯文: 我將他定義為一個(gè)對(duì)道德問(wèn)題進(jìn)行蘇格拉底式思考,并將此作為人生首要責(zé)任和樂(lè)趣的人。
  例句: Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. (選自2005年Text 1)
  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
  譯文: 這樣的特質(zhì)使得他們成為布魯斯南和德瓦爾博士的最佳研究候選人。
  另外: there be句型中,there為引導(dǎo)詞,be為謂語(yǔ),be后面為主語(yǔ),所以there be句型屬于“主+謂”這一句子類型。
  例句: There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為there was a very interesting remark in a book,介詞短語(yǔ)by an Englishman和定語(yǔ)從句that I read recently都修飾a book,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)giving...在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ),what he thought was a reason for...作giving的賓語(yǔ),what he thought又作這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。
  譯文: 我最近讀了一本由英國(guó)人寫(xiě)的書(shū),他在書(shū)中做了一個(gè)有趣的論斷,闡述了對(duì)這種美國(guó)特色形成原因的看法。
  例句: There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. (選自2006年Text 2)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the Royal Shakespeare Company。
  譯文: 皇家莎士比亞公司專門(mén)在埃文河畔的莎士比亞紀(jì)念戲院上演莎士比亞的經(jīng)典劇目。

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